Saturday, April 22, 2017

Economy April 22, 2017

How to invest your money in the stock market? ..

كيف تستثمر أموالك فى البورصة؟.. 8 خطوات يجب أن تعرفها قبل دخول سوق المال.. اختيار شركة السمسرة.. والتكويد.. ونوع الورقة المالية.. والقطاع الذى ترغب فيه للاستثمار

نتيجة بحث الصور عن صور البورصة

جميعنا يسمع عن الاستثمار فى البورصة، لكن أغلبنا لا يعلم كيف يستثمر فعلا بها..وتسيطر على البعض أفكار موروثة مثل أن فلانا خسر كل أمواله فى البورصة فى دقائق، أو أن رجل أعمال انتحر بعد خسارته فى البورصة، وهو ما خلق انطباعا ذهنيا خاطئا عن البورصة.

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Economy April 22, 2017

Speculation in the stock market

المضاربة في البورصة

سنتحدث في هذه المقالة عن ماهية المضاربة وكيفية المضاربة في البورصة وما اذا كنت مؤهلا لكي تمارسها. ان المضاربة في البورصة هي وسيلة شعبية جدا وتستخدم بشكل كبير بين المتداولين، فهي عملية تشمل افتتاح سريعة وتصفية سريعة للصفقات، بحيث تتراوح المدة الزمنية بين افتتاح الصفقة واقفالها من 3 دقائق الى 5 دقائق، وهناك نوع اخر من المضاربين يبقون في مواقعهم لمدة تقل عن دقيقة.

يفرق السوق بين هؤلاء المضاربين وبين المتداولين العاديين، فالمتداولين العاديين يحافظون على مواقعهم لفترة زمنية طويلة مقارنة مع المضاربين، وبالتالي فان التواجد في السوق للمضاربين يكون اقل بكثير من المتداولين العاديين الذين يتبعون الاتجاه العام عند عقد الصفقات، وكنتيجة لذلك فان المضارب ينأى بنفسه عن التحركات المفاجئة التي قد تحصل في السوق، فيقلل المخاطر من وراء تجارته، ولكن ينصب اهتمامه على محاولة اختيار الفروقات او السبريد الاقل، لانه يقوم بفتح واغلاق الصفقات بشكل كثير ودوري وبالتالي كلما كان الفرق بين سعر البيع وسعر الشراء اكبر كلما زادت خسائره. في حين ان المتداول العادي لا يقلق ابدا بموضوع ارتفاع سعر السبريد او انخفاضه لان ليس له اي تأثير يذكر على مرابحه او خسائره.

المضاربة في البورصة

المضاربة في البورصة

ان المضاربة في سوق الفوركس ليست مناسبة لجميع المتداولين في السوق، فهي استراتيجية مناسبة لفئة معينة دون غيرها، فالمضاربين يستغنون عن فرص كبيرة في السوق مقابل الحصول على السلامة وتقليل المخاطر في تجارتهم، فهي عملية كر وفر في السوق يدخل في وقت محدد وبمبلغ محدد ويخرج بسرعة كبيرة وعادة ما تكون مواعيد دخوله وخروجه مرتبطة بالاخبار والبيانات التي تصدر من البنوك المركيزية و مؤشرات المضاربة ، اما بالنسبة للمتاول العادي فهو يزيد من نسبة مخاطرته ولكن العائد على الاستثمار في حالة الربح كبير جدا مقارنة بالمضارب في البورصة .

المضاربة في البورصة

المضاربة في البورصة

ان اسلوب المضاربة في البورصة هو امر يحتاج الكثير من الاهتمام والتركيز في حركة السوق وتحليل السوق بالشكل الدقيق وبفترات زمنية متقاربة جدا لكي يحصل على الرؤية الدقيقة للسوق. فالمضارب يقوم بالكثير من الصفقات، حيث يتراوح العدد بالمئات خلال اليوم الواحد، لذلك عليه ان يكون دقيقا في رؤية السوق بالمنظور الصحيح، لكي يستطيع ان يقنص اللحظات المناسبة للدخول والخروج من السوق.

************النسخة الانجليزية EN***********************

Speculation in the stock market

In this article we will discuss what is speculative and how to speculate on the stock exchange and whether you qualify to practice it. It is a process that includes a quick opening and quick liquidation of trades. The time between the opening and closing of the deal ranges from 3 minutes to 5 minutes. Another type of speculator remains in position for less than a minute. .

The market distinguishes between these speculators and ordinary traders. Ordinary traders maintain their positions for a long period of time compared to speculators. Thus, the market presence of speculators is much lower than that of ordinary traders who follow the general trend in transactions. As a result, the trader avoids the sudden moves Which may get in the market, reduces the risk of its trade, but focuses on trying to choose the difference or the least spread, because it opens and close transactions in a lot and periodically and therefore the greater the difference between the sale price and the purchase price the greater the more Replacement was. While the average trader never worries about the rise or fall of the spread because it has little effect on the profit or loss.

Speculation in the stock market

Speculation in the stock market

Speculation in the Forex market is not suitable for all traders in the market, it is a strategy suitable for a particular category only, speculators are taking advantage of great opportunities in the market for safety and reduce the risks in their trade, it is a process of savings in the market enters at a specific time and a specified amount and come out quickly Large and usually the dates of entry and exit linked to the news and data issued by the Marquis banks and speculative indicators, as for the average bidders it increases the proportion of risk, but the return on investment in the case of profit is very large compared to speculators on the stock exchange.

Speculation on the Stock Exchange

Speculation on the Stock Exchange

The style of speculation in the stock market is something that needs a lot of attention and focus in the movement of the market and analysis of the market accurately and at very close intervals to obtain the accurate vision of the market. The speculator does a lot of deals, where the number ranges in the hundreds per day, so it has to be accurate in the vision of the market with the right perspective, so that he can seize the appropriate moments to enter and exit the market.

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Economy April 22, 2017

Secrets of the stock market

نتيجة بحث الصور عن صور عن المضاربةبالبورصة

أسرار البورصة
تعلم بنفسك أسرار البورصة

أن أي سوق مالية لا يخلو من المضاربات القوية لتسجيل مكاسب كبيرة وسريعة في ظل متغيرات اقتصادية وسياسية متعددة ، وقد نتفق أن أساليب المضاربين كثيرة ولا حصر لها ولكن هناك أساليب معروفة في أوساط السوق منها ما هو مشروع ومنها ما هو مضلل .

الأساليب المضللة :

* تدوير كميات كبيرة في شركة ما بهدف تضليل المتداولين لأجبارهم على البيع أو الدخول في عمليات شراء غير مدروسة

* الطلبات القوية " اللحظية " في شركات متعثرة بدون سبب حقيقي لتحفيزها إلى أسعار جديدة للتخلص من أسهمها .

* الاشاعة التي يبثها " كبار المضاربين " في صالات التداول لتحقيق أهداف منها أما في الشراء في أسهم ممتازة أو البيع في شركات متعثرة ، وعادة ما يكون مصدرها " غير واضح " .

* عروض " قوية " في شركات ممتازة لتثبيت أسعارها مدة طويلة لهدف جمع أكبر كمية ممكنة قبل صدور أخبار محفزة .

* استغلال نظام " تداول " في حالة ما قبل الأفتتاح لفرض أسعار محددة على المتداولين .

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Thursday, April 20, 2017

Economy April 20, 2017

Economic Welfare

Economic Welfare

Readers Question. What is economic welfare? can you please elaborate on how it affects an economy?

Definition of economic welfare: The level of prosperity and quality of living standards in an economy. Economic can be measured through a variety of factors such as GDP and other indicators which reflect welfare of the population (such as literacy, number of doctors, levels of pollution e.t.c)

Economic welfare is a general concept which doesn’t lend to easy definition. Basically, it refers to how well people are doing. Economic welfare is usually measured in terms of Real Income, real GDP. An increase in Real Output and real incomes suggests people are better off and therefore there is an increase in economic welfare.

However, economic welfare will be concerned with more than just levels of income. For example, people’s living standards are also influenced by factors such as levels of congestion and pollution. These quality of life factors are important in determining economic welfare.

Economic Welfare and Utility

Economics is concerned with ideas of utility. Utility represents the satisfaction / happiness of a consumer. For example, if you are willing to pay £10 for a CD, then presumably you get a utility of at least £10 worth from the good.

Welfare Economics

This is a branch of economics devoted to determining the optimal allocation of resources in society. It is concerned with allocative efficiency and social efficiency.

Measure of economic welfare (MEW)

This was developed in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. It was developed by William Nordhaus and James Tobin. (Nordhaus, WD and Tobin, J (1972) Is Growth Obsolete?

It adjusts the measure of total national output, to include only items that help improve economic well-being.

In addition to GNP the MEW includes:

The value of leisure time enjoyed by citizens.
Value of unpaid work
Economic output in the underground economy (not measured by official GDP statistics)

The MEW also excludes factors which reduce economic welfare, such as

Environmental damage

It is also known as net economic welfare (NEW) (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1992).

Issues of Economic welfare can be explored by looking at these issues.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Advantages of Electronic Road Pricing in the UK

Advantages of Electronic Road Pricing in the UK

1. Raises Revenue for the Government. If the governments gets more tax revenue it can mean either:

a. other taxes can fall,
b. the government can spend more on public transport
c. or the budget deficit can reduce.

Nobody likes new taxes, but whether money is collected from new or old taxes makes no difference to the disposable income of the tax payer.

2. Increase social efficiency. In a free market the consumption of cars are overconsumed. When driving people ignore the negative externalities of congestion and pollution. The social cost is much greater than the private cost. Therefore it makes sense for the government to charge a much higher price of driving in congested areas.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Fat Tax: Why we should tax unhealthy foods

Fat Tax: Why we should tax unhealthy foods

If a government could introduce a relatively painless way to prevent 3,000 lives being lost through terrorist action, do you think we would hesitate to introduce such a policy?

A report by the University of Nottingham and University of Oxford [1], claimed that introducing a tax on unhealthy foods would save, at least, 3,000 lives a year from heart disease. The authors also claim this is a conservative estimate, because it ignores the benefits from the reduced incidence of diabetes, strokes and other obesity related illnesses.

Yet, despite the real benefits promised, many politicians and consumers were quick to dismiss the idea. Is it really a good idea to introduce a fat tax, or do Big Macs deserve to remain cheap and free of extra tax?

Arguments for a Tax on Unhealthy Foods

1. Externalities of Unhealthy Foods.

Unhealthy eating has an impact on ourselves but also on the rest of society. Obesity related diseases cost the UK £3.4bn per year. [2] The cost of Obesity in the US is estimated at $75 bn.[3] If we choose to eat foods that make us unhealthy and obese, this creates external costs such as:

Medical Costs – treating obesity.
Lost productivity at Work e.g. Time off sick
Premature death

Therefore, the government should collect sufficient tax from unhealthy foods to pay for the external costs that they create. It is the same principle as to why petrol and cigarettes are taxed; e.g. higher petrol tax is justified because petrol causes pollution.

The external cost of unhealthy food is not easy to calculate, but this is not a reason to avoid having a tax. The point is that at the moment society is effectively subsidising the consumption of unhealthy foods, and ultimately it is the taxpayer who has to pay for this.

2. Personal Cost of Obesity

Eating unhealthy foods increases the likelihood of obesity, early death, depression and a whole catalogue of related problems [4]. Higher prices would discourage people from consuming unhealthy foods. It may not stop people eating fatty foods completely, but this is not the aim. Reducing consumption of fatty and salty foods would have a significant benefit in improving health and personal well being.

3. It will save lives

Currently, more than 216,000 people in the UK die from heart attacks and strokes each year [5]. Heart disease is the second most common cause of death. The report suggests that 3,000 lives per year could easily be saved in the UK. As well as saving lives, reducing obesity will also improve the quality of life.

Arguments against a Fat Tax

1. It is unfair to tax fat people. It is discrimination

This is not a tax on fat people. A government inspector is not going to go around with a weighing scale, dishing out tax penalties for people who tip over the scale. This is a tax on unhealthy foods, paid by everyone who chooses to consume them.

2. It's just another scheme to raise government revenue

A tax on unhealthy foods should be revenue neutral. It is not about raising total tax revenue, it is about switching the tax burden. If the government raised £2 billion a year from such a tax, this tax could be used to subsidise healthy foods, pay for health care or reduce other types of tax.

3. It is a tax on the poor

The argument is that those on low incomes are more likely to consume unhealthy foods, therefore, this tax will increase inequality. However, if a tax on fatty foods saves lives, we should not avoid implementing it just because it is the poor who will mostly benefit. If we are really concerned about the impact on equality, the revenue from a fat tax can be targeted to the benefit of the poor. An increase in inequality need not occur from a fat tax.

4. Nanny State

Who is the government to tell people what to eat? If people want to eat salty and fatty foods then let them.

But, the whole point is people are still free to consume as much salty and fatty foods as they like. It is just that now they have to pay a fairer reflection of the true cost to society. If you got drunk and caused economic damage, has not the state a right to make you pay for the economic costs of your drunkenness? Similarly society has a right to make you pay for the economic cost of unhealthy food. As an additional benefit, you will probably live longer and feel happier.

5. It won't have any effect

Look at smoking; the government tax smoking, but people still smoke. Tax on petrol has not stopped people driving.

Demand maybe inelastic for fatty foods, but they will reduce consumption by a certain amount, and this is the intended effect. For example, a tax on an extra large Big Mac, may reduce consumption by 20%. Instead of eating 10 a week, some people may not only consume 8 a week. This reduction of 20% will have a big impact on improving health. The aim is not to stop people eating unhealthy foods, but reduce excessive consumption. In moderation fatty and salty foods do not cause a problem.

6. Obese people die early and save the government paying pensions

In a perverse way, this is actually a good argument. Because people who eat unhealthy foods have a shorter life expectancy the government will pay out less state pensions. Therefore, this reduces the external cost of obesity and so lessens the justification for a tax based on externalities. However, in another way, the fact that people die early is hardly a powerful argument for not trying to stop it.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Carbon Tax – Pros and Cons

Carbon Tax – Pros and Cons

The production of carbon dioxide is widely held to contribute to social / environmental problems such as global warming. This carbon pollution is a negative externality. It is a cost imposed on the whole of society and not just the individual who consumes a certain product. e.g. if you drive a car, the external costs are felt by everyone else.

Because certain carbon intensive industries create negative externalities, the social cost of production is greater than the private cost.

In a free market, these negative externalities are not included in the price leading to overconsumption and social inefficiency. We can say there is a missing market, because the external cost of carbon emission is ignored.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Impact of Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Impact of Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Readers Question: what are the impacts of expansionary fiscal policy?

Expansionary fiscal policy involves government attempts to increase aggregate demand. It will involve higher government spending and / or lower tax. In theory, higher government spending will increase aggregate demand (AD=C+I+G+X-M) and lead to higher economic growth.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Lower taxes should increase disposable income of consumers leading to higher levels of consumer spending. This should also increase aggregate demand and could lead to higher economic growth.

Expansionary Fiscal policy can also lead to inflation because of the higher demand in the economy.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy and Government Borrowing

Expansionary fiscal policy will lead to an increase in the size of a government’s budget deficit. This is a potential problem of expansionary fiscal policy. Higher borrowing could:

Cause markets to fear default and push up interest rates on government debt.

Evaluation of Expansionary Fiscal Policy

The impact of expansionary fiscal policy will depend on many factors:

What else is happening in the economy? E.g. US tried to cut taxes in 2008. In theory, this lower tax should boost spending. However, the economy is experiencing falling house prices, lower confidence and a shortage of credit; because of all these factors expansionary fiscal policy is relatively ineffective.

Crowding Out

Does crowding out occur? Expansionary fiscal policy involves higher spending and more government borrowing; it could cause crowding. This means that although the government spend more because they borrow from private sector, the private sector have less to spend and invest. Therefore, overall AD doesn’t increase.

Timing of Fiscal Policy

A key issue of expansionary fiscal policy is the state of the economy. If expansionary fiscal policy is pursued when the economy is close to full capacity, then the increased government borrowing is likely to cause crowding out and / or contribute to higher inflation.
However, in a liquidity trap, private saving rates rise rapidly. Therefore, expansionary fiscal policy helps to offset the rise in private sector saving and injects money into circular flow. In a deep recession, expansionary fiscal policy won’t cause crowding out or inflation.

Supply Side Effects

Lower income tax may increase incentive to work
Higher government spending on education and training, could increase long-term labour productivity. But, also government spending could be inefficient and wasteful – it depends what government spends on.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Causes of Great Depression

Causes of Great Depression

The Great Depression was a period of unprecedented decline in economic activity. It is generally agreed to have occurred between 1929 and 1939. Although parts of the economy had begun to recover by 1936, high unemployment persisted until the Second World War.

Background To Great Depression:

The 1920s witnessed an economic boom in the US (typified by Ford Motor cars, which made a car within the grasp of ordinary workers for the first time). Industrial output expanded very rapidly.
Sales were often promoted through buying on credit. However, by early 1929, the steam had gone out of the economy and output was beginning to fall.
The stock market had boomed to record levels. Price to earning ratios were above historical averages.
The US Agricultural sector had been in recession for many more years
The UK economy had been experiencing deflation and high unemployment for much of the 1920s. This was mainly due to the cost of the first world war and attempting to rejoin the Gold standard at a pre world war 1 rate. This meant Sterling was overvalued causing lower exports and slower growth. The US tried to help the UK stay in the gold standard. That meant inflating the US economy, which contributed to the credit boom of the 1920s.

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Economy April 20, 2017

Definition of Inflation

Definition of Inflation

Inflation means a sustained increase in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. Inflation means there is an increase in the cost of living.

“inflation means that your money won’t buy as much today as you could yesterday. ”

In the UK the rate of inflation has varied a lot from 25% a year in 1974 to the deflation in the 1920s and 1930s.

inflation

See: Historical Inflation Rates for more details

Note on reading Inflation rates:

Between August 1974 and August 1978, the rate of inflation feel from 25% to 8%. This means the price level was increasing at a slower rate.

UK Inflation Since 2000

inflation

Inflation was close to the governments target of 2% between 2000-2007
In 2008, inflation peaked at 5%, primarily because of a surge in the price of oil.
Inflation fell in 2009, because of the recession and fall in demand.
RPI measure became negative because it includes mortgage interest payments, and interest rates were cut during this period.

Definition of Deflation

Deflation is a fall in the price level of the economy. It means there will be a negative inflation rate.

CPI and RPI Measures of Inflation

RPI – retail price index includes mortgage interest payments and so tends to be more volatile. A cut in interest rates will reduce RPI

CPI – Consumer Price Index excludes mortgage interest payments

Purchasing Power of Money and Inflation

If we have inflation then £100 is going to buy less in the future

Purchasing power of the pound (1920=100)

1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	1998
100	125	129	98	66	46	133	6.8	5.33

This table shows us that £100 buys less goods in 1998 than 1920, (approx 78% of its value)

Therefore another definition of inflation is a decline in the purchasing power of money.

inflation

The real value of money is the amount of goods it can buy
If you had a fixed income of £100 then the nominal value remains unchanged but the real value has fallen by 95 % in the last 78 years.

The rate of change of the price level is known as the rate of inflation e.g. if the price level doubles then the rate of inflation is 100%
If the rate of inflation falls (e.g. from 10% to 2%), prices are still rising but at a slower rate.

Hyper Inflation

Definition of hyper inflation. This is generally considered to occur when inflation is greater than 1000%. With hyper inflation money loses its value so rapidly that nobody wants to use it as a medium of exchange

In 1920s Germany had inflation of 100 billion %
In 1946 Hungary had inflation of 42,000 billion per cent

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Economy April 20, 2017

Policies for reducing unemployment

Policies for reducing unemployment

There are two main strategies for reducing unemployment –

Demand side policies to reduce demand-deficient unemployment (unemployment caused by recession)
Supply side policies to reduce structural unemployment / (the natural rate of unemployment)

A quick list of policies to reduce unemployment:

Monetary policy – cutting interest rates to boost AD
Fiscal policy – cutting taxes to boost AD
Education and training to help reduce structural unemployment
Geographical subsidies to help firms invest in depressed areas
Lower minimum wage to reduce real wage unemployment
More flexible labour markets, to make it easier to hire and fire workers.

Demand side policies

UK, EU, US unemployment — US and UK were more successful in reducing unemployment after 2008/09 recession.

Demand side policies are critical when there is a recession and rise in cyclical unemployment. (e.g. after 1991 recession and after 2008 recession)

1. Fiscal Policy

Fiscal policy can decrease unemployment by helping to increase aggregate demand and the rate of economic growth. The government will need to pursue expansionary fiscal policy; this involves cutting taxes and increasing government spending. Lower taxes increase disposable income (e.g. VAT cut to 15% in 2008) and therefore help to increase consumption, leading to higher aggregate demand (AD).

With an increase in AD, there will be an increase in Real GDP (as long as there is spare capacity in the economy.) If firms produce more, there will be an increase in demand for workers and therefore lower demand-deficient unemployment. Also, with higher aggregate demand and strong economic growth, fewer firms will go bankrupt meaning fewer job losses.

Keynes was an active advocate of expansionary fiscal policy during a prolonged recession. He argues that in a recession, resources (both capital and labour) are idle. Therefore the government should intervene and create additional demand to reduce unemployment.

Impact of Higher AD on Economy

fiscal

However,

It depends on other components of AD. e.g. if confidence is low, cutting taxes may not increase consumer spending because people prefer to save. Also, people may not spend tax cuts, if they will soon be reversed.
Fiscal policy may have time lags. E.g., a decision to increase government spending may take a long time to have an effect on increasing AD.
If the economy is close to full capacity, an increase in AD will only cause inflation. Expansionary fiscal policy will only reduce unemployment if there is an output gap.
Expansionary fiscal policy will require higher government borrowing – this may not be possible for countries with high levels of debt, and rising bond yields.
In the long run, expansionary fiscal policy may cause crowding out, i.e. the government increase spending but because they borrow from the private sector, they have less to spend, and therefore AD doesn’t increase. However, Keynesians argue crowding out will not occur in a liquidity trap.

2. Monetary policy

Monetary policy would involve cutting interest rates. Lower rates decrease the cost of borrowing and encourage people to spend and invest. This increases AD and should also help to increase GDP and reduce demand deficient unemployment.

Also, lower interest rates will reduce exchange rate and make exports more competitive.

In some cases, lower interest rates may be ineffective in boosting demand. In this case, Central Banks may resort to Quantitative easing. This is an attempt to increase the money supply and boost aggregate demand

Evaluation

Similar problems to fiscal policy. e.g. it depends on other components of AD.
Lower interest rates may not help boost spending if banks are still reluctant to lend.
Demand side policies can contribute to reducing demand deficient unemployment e.g. in a recession. However, they cannot reduce supply side unemployment. Therefore, their effectiveness depends on the type of unemployment that occurs.

Supply side policies for reducing unemployment

Supply side policies deal with more micro-economic issues. They don’t aim to boost overall aggregate demand but seek to overcome imperfections in the labour market and reduce unemployment caused by supply side factors. Supply side unemployment includes:

Frictional
Structural
Classical (real wage)

Policies to reduce supply side unemployment

1. Education and training. The aim is to give the long-term unemployed new skills which enable them to find jobs in developing industries, e.g. retrain unemployed steel workers to have basic I.T. skills which help them find work in the service sector. – However, despite providing education and training schemes, the unemployed may be unable or unwilling to learn new skills. At best it will take several years to reduce unemployment.

2. Reduce the power of trades unions. If unions can bargain for wages above the market clearing level, they will cause real wage unemployment. In this case reducing the influence of trades unions (or reducing Minimum wages) will help solve this real wage unemployment.

3. Employment subsidies. Firms could be given tax breaks or subsidies for taking on long-term unemployed. This helps give them new confidence and on the job training. However, it will be quite expensive, and it may encourage firms to just replace current workers with the long-term unemployment to benefit from the tax breaks.

4. Improve labour market flexibility. It is argued that higher structural rates of unemployment in Europe is due to restrictive labour markets which discourage firms from employing workers in the first place. For example, abolishing maximum working weeks and making it easier to hire and fire workers may encourage more job creation. However, increased labour market flexibility could cause a rise in temporary employment and greater job insecurity.

5. Stricter benefit requirements. Governments could take a more pro-active role in making the unemployed accept a job or risk losing benefits. After a certain period, the government could guarantee a public sector job (e.g. cleaning streets). This could significantly reduce unemployment. However, it may mean the government end up employing thousands of people in unproductive tasks which is very expensive. Also, if you make it difficult to claim benefits, you may reduce the claimant count, but not the International Labour force survey. :

6. Improved geographical mobility. Often unemployed is more concentrated in certain regions. To overcome this geographical unemployment, the government could give tax breaks to firms who set up in depressed areas. Alternatively, they can provide financial assistance to unemployed workers who move to areas with high employment. (e.g. help with renting in London)

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Economy April 20, 2017

The Importance of Economics

The Importance of Economics

Readers Question: What is the Importance of Economics?

I would suggest the main importance of economics is helping society decide on the optimal allocation of our limited resources. The fundamental problem of economic is said to be scarcity - the idea that wants (demand) is greater than the resources we have. Frequently we face choices on:

What to produce
How to produce
For whom to Produce

Economics helps to decide on questions like this. More specifically economics is important in these areas.

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Privacy policy April 20, 2017

Privacy policy
Privacy policy ..................... by accepting this Privacy Policy, you expressly agree to deal with the practices described in this policy information. This Privacy Policy is a part of and incorporated into the terms of explanations for use and end-user license agreements associated with the sites and / or services. In addition, by accepting this privacy policy that explicitly represent: (a) that I was more than a minor it is considered within the scope of authority in which you reside at the age of 18 and / or not. Or (b) that you are a parent or guardian of a minor and you who have expressly agreed to deal with the personal information of a minor as stated in the policy. Or (c) you are a school or school district, which contracted with the Code for the collection of personal information to the students to get the education context authorized by the school or school district. Your continued use of our sites and / or services, or any other content, products or other services covered by this policy, which constitutes your acceptance and agreement on this policy and any updates.
Contact us
heikalgroup@gmail.com

1. The information we collect
In the description of our group, use, and exchange of information in this policy, we refer to the collection and use of our "personal information." "Personal information" as used in this policy, is personal information, which is information that directly determine the individual, such as the first name and last, mailing address, email address, billing information, IP addresses, demographics, passwords or other online contact information, or phone number. We collect personal information, as well as non-personal identifiable information on the blog sites and / or services.
We collect personal information in two ways. First, we collect the information you provide us in, voluntary contributions are optional, as is the case in the registration forms, user profiles, promotional subscription, lottery / participate in the contest, and requests for customer service, and software and download mobile applications, notes CV. Second, some personal information may be collected automatically. This is described below in the "passive data collection."
We also may obtain information, including personal information, from third-party sources. If we collected information directly from third parties with the personal information we have collected, we will deal with the information along as personal information and deal with it in accordance with this policy. In addition, please note that we may seek third parties to collect personal information on our behalf in such cases to guide those of third parties to comply with this policy and all applicable data protection laws.
Please be aware that we are prohibited from conditioning child's participation in any activity on this child's disclosure of personal information than is reasonably necessary to participate in this activity. I was under no obligation to provide, and may refuse to provide any information requested at any time. However, if you decline to provide personal information that is reasonably necessary to participate in certain activities, you may not be able to participate in these activities on some sites and / or services.
Negative data collection
We may receive information passively, collected through a variety of methods, including but not limited to:
Biscuit
We may use a variety of ways, including "cookies" to collect information.
What are cookies?
Cookies are text files containing small amounts of information that are downloaded to your computer when you visit a website. Cookies are then sent to a Web site in the emerging each subsequent visit, or to another site that recognizes that cookie. Cookies are useful because they allow a website to recognize the user's device. You can find more information about cookies: http://www.allaboutcookies.org.
Cookies do a lot of different jobs, such as allowing you to navigate between pages efficiently, remembering your preferences, and generally improve the user experience. They can also help ensure that the ads you see on the Internet more convenient for you and your interests.
It has been rated the cookies used on the sites and / or services on the basis of the existing categories in the guide of the International Criminal Court in the United Kingdom cookie. Full list of all the cookies used on the sites and / or services by category below.
Cookies performance
Entries collects cookies on websites and / or our own services to capture information about this information page anonymous visits to the source and explanations This information is used only internally files (for example, "cookies performance.") - To provide more effective Zoarna.eetm use the information from the file content cookies to measure the popularity of a page and analyze traffic patterns on our websites and / or services and guide the development of other sites which improvements and / or services.
Targeting, performance, and functionality cookies
In our e-mail programs, and working methods follow some explanations (for example, "targeting, performance, and functionality cookies"). We follow the "open" cross-tracking pixels in the sense of email- we track that opens the e-mail messages to us and when you open the e-mail messages to us. We follow the "clicks" through encrypted URL meaning trace whether clicking on links in e-mail messages have titles. This information is used internally only to help us provide relevant messages, and not shared with any third party.
Jobs and the necessary Cookies
The Code does not require you to accept cookies and / or may withdraw your consent to our use of cookies at any time by adjusting the privacy settings in the browser, but some functions on our sites (for QBill instance "function cookies"), we have a product or service check-out process, and can be disabled services if you decline to accept cookies (for example, "cookies necessary.") Opted out of the Alkokizbasthaddam sites and services, you agree to put Cookies referred to above. You can, however, adjust your browser to notify you when you receive a cookie, giving you the opportunity to decide whether or not to accept it. You can also change your cookie settings through preference options at our sites and / or services, where applicable. It will indicate that when selecting preferences, which will use cookies to remember Tvdellatk.alamdoonh never give away information about our users. If you choose to provide personal information about yourself, and Blog use this information only to communicate directly with you. And Ataatahd Entries not to sell, lease or otherwise disclose this information to third parties unless the necessary disclosure for the purposes set out in this policy, through the law or policy or notice given or linked to a specific location (s) and / or service (s) based Moqakd .alkhaddmat we collect, use and share (and licensees providers) minute, including real-time location of a mobile site or Althabt.odoat Thalilatnhn location data using analytical tools and technologies, third party and other, such as Google Analytics and DoubleClick cookies , to collect non-personal information in the form of various standards in use and the user when using the sites and / or services on our online. These tools and techniques to collect and analyze the specific types of information, including cookies and addresses of IP, device IDs, software, reference and addresses out, and conduct on-site and use of the information, gauges use a feature and statistics, and the use and the date of purchase, MAC address, mobile unique device ID and other information Mmathlh.thalilat third corporate party who collect information about the sites we have and / or services and other products and / or services online may combine information collected with other information collected independently from other sites and / or other products over the Internet or mobile services related to your activities through a network of sites, as well as on the Internet and / or products and services for the mobile phone. Many of these companies collect and use the information in light of the privacy policies of Bha.baladhavh to our use of technology, as shown here, and we are some third-party companies may allow to help us in the Declaration tailor that we believe may be of interest to you based on your use of the sites explanations and / or services and otherwise collect and use data about your use of sites explanations and / or services. For more information about this, please see the "Declaration of the third party Technologies" section Odnah.amkink withdrawal from the DoubleClick cookie by visiting the Google advertising opt-out page, or you may choose from Google Analytics by visiting the page opt-in Google Analytics has .jojl additional information available on the guidelines Privacy remarketing, and Agayood.tsttia display a list of other service providers who collect third party information service, and / or opt-out of such a collection of information about you, by visiting http: //www.networkadvertising. org / choices / or HTTP: // www. aboutads.info/choices/ .2. How we use Amuallomatamoma, we use personal information to create and enhance our relationship with our users through four main categories: (1) communications. (2) improve. (3) Declaration; and (4) Post Features. Below, we offer some specific examples of how the use of personal information and other information that Ndjemaha.alatsalat In response to Tlebattnhn use your information, including personal information to provide you with customer support, the transaction process, and responding to user requests, send newsletters and updates, and send special offers advertising, and search for your opinions and feedback, and connect users to the explanations sites and / or services, and products and services from our partners and licensees to Ha.alomthelnhn use your information, including personal information, standards behavioral, and other information is personal to work, saving and improving and the preservation of sites and services we have, to develop new products and services, to prevent abuse and fraud, to customize and display ads and other content for you, and for the purposes of administrative business and internal Alokhry.aalannhn use your information, including personal information, standards and behavioral, data location, and demographic data and preferences marketing to customize and display ads and other content for K.tkasem Almizzatnhn use your information, including personal information and any other information that provides, directly or through passive means to provide you with different ways to connect and share content (for example, content on the Internet, user-created video, text, graphics, screen captures and lecture clips, and interrogate features, media, tools and services and other products) with third parties. For example, we may provide you with the opportunity to email a link to a particular content to someone else. To use this feature, we may ask you to provide some personal information, including your e-mail address and e-mail address for each person who send Alrabott.onhn were also may allow you to exchange links content with users from various third-party services (for example, networks social, search and exchange services). When you share links using one of these services tha partyW, if you have not already logged on to a third party service, you will need to provide login credentials for that data. If you are not registered to a third party service, you will need to register for it. You supply the registration information or login credentials for third party service directly to that third party, not to Na.basthaddam any of these services a third party to exchange links to content, which allows us to access, use and disclosure of any information relating to your account on each of these services a third party (such as your user name and personal information) that is available to us through a third party service, including through the application programming interface (API) in accordance with this Alsaash.obesckl more specifically, blog sites and / or services may use interfaces with social media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and others. If you choose to "like" or exchange information from sites http: // heikalgroup .blogspot.com.eg/ and / or services through these services, you should check the privacy policies of that service. If you are a member of the social media site, and the facades of the social networking site may allow to connect to your site for your personal information resulting in the same year show 0.3. When disclose information Alchksahnhn do not share personal information with third parties except in the limited circumstances described in this Alsaash.mekdma Alkhaddmhnhn can provide personal information to third parties for use in internal work tasks (for example, payment processing, customer service, maintenance, security, and analysis data, e-mail transmission, beta testing, or data hosting) on ??our behalf. In addition, some providers may be a third party service to gather information, including personal information, on our behalf. For example, we may use third-party provider to help us utilize the monitoring data and techniques to get the data transfer to users of illegal copies of some of the products we have roamed. It is not the implementation of this data for users of licensed products collection law of the Code and its authorized distributors. If you are using illegal copies of our software does not consent to the collection and transfer of such data (including the US), stop using version is illegal and contact us or one of the authorized distributors to have to get a properly licensed copy of Mentj.kellma possible, ask these third parties to collect only, and use of personal information in accordance with this policy, to maintain the confidentiality, security and integrity of personal information, and for no other purpose than to provide us with the required services to Dana.hrcaand visit or use part of any site, mobile application, or other consumer products It is co-branded or that are part of a promotional campaign jointly involving one blog or more third parties (both "branded company Party"), provided by the agreement to provide and transfer your personal information and other information provided to, or collected or obtained upon by the parties and any explanations of common brands are concerned, to the Code and all parties co-branded without any further notice or further approval. Please note that we do not control the use of any parties co-branded "or treatment of the information that you provide to them and you should consult the respective privacy policies or any privacy policy, described a separate company published on or linked to the co-branded site to determine your rights regarding the use of and address your information. you will need to communicate with us and each party branded company directly, as appropriate, if you decide that you no longer wish to receive messages or if you want to change any information that has been Toverha.almttlebatt Aleghanonahkd disclose personal information if We believe in good faith that it is required by the call, order, or judicial, administrative or other required by law otherwise ordered. In addition, we may disclose personal information where we, in good faith, deem it appropriate or necessary to prevent violation Terms of use of our own, or user licensing agreements, or our other agreements, take precautions against liability; protect our rights or property, or safety, or that of a partner, any individual or the general public; maintain and protect the safety and security of our sites and / or services or infrastructure. Protect ourselves and our websites and / or services of uses, fraud, or illegal; to investigate and defend ourselves against third-party claims or allegations. Or help regulators Aovernmah.tgier Lhkd is the disclosure of information about our users, including personal information, as part of any bankruptcy, merger, sale and transfer of the company's assets, acquisition, or similar transaction. In the case of such a transaction that will transfer your personal information to a third party, we will make reasonable efforts to notify you. For example, we will post notice of the transfer of personal information on sites we have and / or services, and if we have your e-mail address, we will send a notice of the transfer of personal information to the e-Alaketrona.almizzat Altvaalahama you use a forum, blog address, channel, plate ads, chat rooms, user commentary features, or other interactive sharing or social features that can be made through any of the sites and / or services, you should be aware that any personal information you provide, display or publish there is available to the public and can be read and collected and used, and disclosed by other users from those features, by us, and other third parties without restrictions, except insofar as limited access features are available, if any. To request the removal of your personal information from our blog, and the sharing of community service or mNtdy, for example, contact us on the information contained in this policy. In some cases, we may not be able to remove your personal information, in this case we will let you know if we are unable to do so, and the reason for this 0.4. Announcement Third Party Tknulogiabaladhavh to the use of cookies and related technologies as described above, and we are some third-party companies may also allow to help us in the Declaration tailor that we believe may be of interest to users and collection and use of other data about the user's activities on the sites and / or our services (on for example, to allow them to tailor ads on third party) services. These companies may offer ads that can also put cookies and user behavior tracking it. These companies may use information about user behavior in order to provide customized in different services and products announcements. In the course of providing such services and products, or placing ads, these third-party place companies that may or may recognize a unique link of its kind on your computer, it can be that the information recorded for these files based on your activities on any of our sites and / or services, and third-party sites. Each of these companies this information cake used in accordance with the privacy and security of private policies. If you want to not have to use this information for the purpose of serving you targeted ads, you may opt-out as described in this policy. Please note that this does not opt ??you out of being delivered the declaration. And it will continue to receive public service announcements 0.5. Children under the age of 13 we are not aware seek or collect personal information from users under the age of 13 years, except to the extent explanations may collect personal information is limited to students (but not their e-mail addresses), but only where the school that the student or the school district, It has contracted with explanations for the collection of personal information from students in the educational context authorized by the school or school district. It does not allow children under the age of 13 years to create an account without your explicit a parent or guardian consent order. We recommend that minors over the age of 13 ask their parents for permission before sending any information about themselves to anyone over Alanturnt.nhn need schools or school districts to get the consent of the parents or guardian of the student's guardian or guardian before collecting such student's personal information. If you are a student, please do not send any personal information about yourself to us, other than what we ask you when you subscribe to any of the sites and / or services. If we know that we have to collect personal information from students without parental consent or guardian is obtained from his or her school or school district, or if we had to learn the student may provide us with personal information beyond what we ask when he or she marks on any of the sites and / or services, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that the student has provided us with personal information beyond what is required when you subscribe to any of our sites and / or services, or the consent of the parents or guardian or the school district did not get a student, please contact us on privacy ashraf.heikal@yahoo .com despite anything to the contrary contained in this policy, if you're a student, as described above, your parent or guardian sign up to our sites, and / or service with a password, or access to the identity provided by the school, to understand that the parent or guardian may be able to display all the information in, or associated with your account, including, without limitation, between you and the teacher and the grades I got Manmtk.almstkhaddman under 13 years of age who are not students of messages as described above, will be considered in the continued use of this site and / or service by Entries confirmation that your parent or guardian has explicitly agreed to deal with your personal information as described in this referred to the policy as it is in the opening paragraph of this policy 0.6. Achtaaratktkadim information Alchksahama you do not wish to provide personal information that is necessary to provide or use sites and / or services or to meet your request, and you will not be able to access and / or participate in some of the explanations sites and / or services. For example, you will not be able to register for an account with us or participate in some contests or promotions or access and / or use of certain product features Entries Ashraf feisty structure or the structure of a group or online services. In addition, he refused to provide personal information may limit our ability to respond to your inquiry customer support at a time Almnasp.tharir information Alchksahkd, at any time, update, correct, or delete some personal information you have provided to us by updating your preferences in your account settings page or by contacting us at the postal address or e-mail provided for in this Alsaash.khiarat Altsoeqama you want to remove yourself from individual communications, including marketing promotions, announcements and updates, e-mail newsletters, simply click on the unsubscribe communications or access link to your account settings at logon page. You also acknowledges and agrees there may be situations where we may choose to be notified about administrative notices about your account with us, like to inform you about the changes in our Terms and Conditions, and policies, that your account may be over, or to provide you with other relevant about your account management information. Because this information is important to your dealings with us, you may not opt ??out of receiving these Alrsail.hzv Al_husabama you submit personal information, you can delete your account with us at any time. If you delete your account, your personal information and any and all relevant informationOther expense, including, but not limited to, user profile data, the exchange of data and other data, and credits associated specifically with your account and permanently deleted. If you choose to have an account with us in the future, you'll have to sign up for a new account because none of the information previously submitted or saved within your account will have been saved 0.7. Alomanantakz reasonable measures, including the implementation and maintenance of the physical and electronic procedures, and management, in an effort to ensure the security, integrity and accuracy of all personal information we collect. Our efforts include measures to avoid unauthorized access, modification or misuse or disclosure of information Alchksah.ama we are to learn from the breach of security systems, we may attempt to notify you electronically so that you can take appropriate preventive steps. Using ashrafheikal elmoshakaes Sites and / or services by this policy and provide personal information to us are covered, you agree that we can communicate with you electronically regarding security, privacy and administrative issues relating to your account information and Alasthaddam.alenzahh 8. Data retention Balbaanatenhn collect and use personal information in accordance with this policies and only for the purposes set out in this policy and / or at the time that requests personal information from our users, or for such purposes for which the user can only agree. We do not use or share personal information of our users in a way that is incompatible with the purposes for which the personal information requested and licensed for use by us. Keep personal information for a period not exceeding commercially useful for the implementation of the purposes we have, or that we believe may be required by law. When personal information is deleted or updated by you, it may take up to 30 days of the systems can be accessed, and up to 90 days of reserve copying systems, and for us to delete such personal information 0.9. Access to information Alchksahtsttia display, the right, or delete personal information about you Entries stores. Most of your personal information can be accessed and corrected by simply logging into your account and access your profile. If you want to get a report of your personal information has explanations about you, please send us a written request to the address indicated in this policy 0.10. Third party entry and Zivhoyjoz allow users who have accounts on some third-party services, including but not limited to, social networking, search, exchange, and other services provided by third parties, to go beyond the standard registration process in place. If you connect through authorized third-party service, you will be able to use third party login information to log on to your blog ashrafheikal elmoshakaes or access code ashrafhekal elmoshakaes content, sites and / or services. We are not responsible for sharing, posting, commenting, content, or other information collection practices of any third-party services may be caused by the use of these services log on a third party. Please review the service and privacy terms and policies carefully before using the function log on a third party to access any blog sites and / or Alkhaddmat.basthaddam any third-party services to log on to your blog account or access to blog sites and / or services, which allow us access and the storage and use of all relevant information to your third party that may be available to us through a third party service account, including through the application programming interface (API), in accordance with this policy 0.11. Third-party services and Sriahkd contain blog content, including forums, products and services contests, newsletters and communications that we send to our users, links to content provided by third parties. For example, contacts may contain links to third-party traders (such as digital juice) and some of them have bought products. To buy products from these dealers a third party, there may be a need to provide personal information, including your credit card or other Aldf.bed of the Code products and services Information Card, Entries self-hosted applications, to name a few) interface or integrated with third-party storage, sharing, and access to websites and services such as Microsoft's OneDrive® and services, and others. If you choose to store and share files, or access, content or information which may include personal information (collectively "Content") that you create using the products for the products and services the Code through these services, you should check the privacy policies of that service. For example, if you want to store, share, or access to your content that has been created using the application Snagit® Code through the site, integrated services OneDrive® and Snagit® Microsoft feature, you should review the privacy Entries policy and Oajb you also review Maekerosowicbaan Privacy Wen Drive, in particular, Archive Microsoft sections entitled onedrive and where the information is stored and processed will also be your content collection, processed and / or stored by the explanations and / or provider third party, in the Microsoft case in the United States and / or Other countries. Using direct integration Entries product with the Site and Services OneDrive® Microsoft, you expressly agree to your content being shared with all this data Blog, Microsoft and will be subject to the privacy explanations of the policy and a statement Microsoft onedrive privacy, and are available for use with blog accounts and Microsoft 0.12. California Al_khasusihbaladhavh rights to the rights set forth in this Privacy Policy, the California Civil Code Section 1798.83 T.Sarih California residents who are individual consumers or users of blog sites and / or services or services to request certain information regarding its disclosure of personal information to third parties who direct marketing purposes. To make such a request, please contact us by mail or e-mail at the address specified in the "Contact Us" section .acharouhat in California do not follow the tracks Ahzacharouhat customers over time and through third-party sites to offer targeted ads. We do not respond to Lalla Trace ( "DNT") signals from web browsers. DNT is a preference you can set in your web browser to notify sites that you do not want to Taatba.amkink enable or disable DNT through the Preferences page or your web browser settings to visit .However, it should establish a unified technological industry standards for the recognition and implementation of the "do not follow" the signals, we will be open to the following industry standards of this third Alaqbil.alotrav containing content embedded on the blog sites and / or services, such as Google, company, digital River, Salesforce.com, Inc., Qualtrics, LLC, Channeltivity, LLC, Facebook, Inc. Twitter, Inc., LinkedIn, Inc., Silver pop, UserZoom INC, UserZoom limited, a limited UserZoom, and UserZoom techniques SL, may cookies put in the user's browser and / or to obtain information about the fact that the Web browser visited the site Blog specific and / or service from a particular IP address. Can not third parties collect any personal information from other sites and / or blog services unless you provide them with Mbacrh.lahz Qabarntkdm explanations of sites and / or services that allow you to add content to participate in general or with interactive friends. If you have questions about how to remove the content at a specific site and / or service, or if you want extra help with the deletion, you can contact our Blog our support directly at http: //heikal.blogspot.com.eg/ Although we offer the ability to delete sites and / or services, you should be aware that the removal of content may not guarantee removal complete or comprehensive for the content or information published through websites and / or services 0.13. Changes and updates to this Alsaashkd We update this policy from time to time. If we do, we will update the "Effective Date" at the top of politics. If you want to make fundamental changes in the way we use personal information, and we will try to notify you of the change and give you the opportunity to exercise the option of how to use your personal information. We will post updates on the sites and / or affected by service policy, and if we have your e-mail address, we will send update notification to the e-Alaketrona.nhn title encourage you to review this policy periodically to stay aware of our collection, use and disclosure of personal information. Your continued use of our sites and / or services, or any other content, products or other services covered by this policy agree to this policy and any updates 0.14. International users and the European Union and the United States, Switzerland haven Alamenkd hosted sites and / or blog services in the United States. If you use our sites and / or services from the European Union or Switzerland, or any other region with laws governing data collection and use that may differ from the United States Code, please note that it may be moved your personal data outside the terms of reference for the United States. The United States does not have the same data protection in the European Union, Switzerland and other regions have laws. By providing personal information under this document, you agree to use your personal information in accordance with this policy and transfer your personal information to the US Altdh.ttbaiq personal information set forth the practices in this privacy policy on each blog sites and / or services, and customers all over the the world. You have the right to access and correct these data and / or personal information. To exercise these rights, or to put the privacy of other data questions, please contact / send an email to ashraf.heikal@yahoo.com committed Entries safe compliance under the United States Code and the European Union, the United States and Switzerland Safe Framework Harbor as set forth by the US Department of Commerce with respect to the collection, use and save personal information from members of the European Union and Soisra.waldol Arab countries Entries it may be seen that it is committed to uphold the principles of the Privacy safe haven of the notice, and the selection and data transfer, security, data integrity, access, and enforcement. To learn more about Safe Harbor program, and to view the Code certification, please visit http: //heikalgroup.blogspot.com.eg/ explanations regular audits of their compliance with this Privacy Policy. Feel free to ask any questions or concerns regarding this policy, or explanations treatment of personal information by contacting us through this site https // ashrafheikal.blogspot.com or by writing to us at the email Al_khasusihaly /heikalgroup@gmail.com
party complainant concerning His interests. Entries will cooperate with the appropriate regulatory authorities, including local data protection authorities, to resolve any complaints regarding the transfer of personal data Entries performance does not guarantee error-free under this Privacy Policy. We will make reasonable efforts to comply with this Privacy Policy, and will take corrective action when Entries learns of any failure to comply with the privacy conditions. Entries must not be liable for any incidental or consequential damages or punitive regarding this Privacy Policy.

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